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[设计与制造] 数控铣刀设计与优化技术研究综述

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发表于 2026-5-31 16:46:55 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
数控铣刀设计与优化技术研究综述
汪东明1, 孟龙晖2, 张浩2, 王华2

【作者机构】        1江苏电子信息职业学院智能交通学院; 2南京工业大学机械与动力工程学院
【来    源】        《机械强度》 2023年第2期 pp.414-422

摘要 主要针对目前的铣刀设计优化方面的研究进展进行了相应的综合和描述。根据目前切削加工制造领域所存在的问题,刀具的设计过程也会针对这些问题而进行相应的改进和优化。主要从加工质量、刀具磨损、加工振动、排屑性能、加工效率这个五个方面对刀具所做的改进和优化的研究进展进行了较为详细的描述和总结,最后对目前已有的技术的问题进行了分析,并对后期数控铣刀技术的研究提出了相应的展望。
关键词 铣刀 设计 优化 切削
0 引言

[size=1em]国家的强大和日益兴盛离不开国家的制造业发展,而一个国家的机械制造业的水平也从一定程度上体现着整个国家的制造业发展水平。机械制造属于我国基础性工业,需要持续优化生产效率与质量。尽管我国机械制造技术研究起步较晚,但目前已获得良好成果,增强了我国工业制造在国际市场中的竞争力[1]。虽然目前制造领域不断发展,出现很多新兴产业和制造技术,而切削加工作为机械制造领域中的传统加工方式,其目前的地位仍然无法被取代,而切削加工中数控刀具技术的发展,会对该领域产生举足轻重的影响。

[size=1em]近年来,数控加工技术的快速发展进一步促进了数控刀具结构基础研究的快速发展和新产品的研发。世界各大数控刀具厂商生产的数控机床用刀具种类规格繁多、数量庞大,往往令人眼花缭乱[2],相应的出发点基本可以总结为加工效率、加工精度,以及加工成本(经济性)等方面[3]。而刀具技术的改进往往是从刀具材料、刀柄结构、涂层以及刀具几何特征等方面着手而进行的设计和改进。

[size=1em]本文对前人在数控铣刀的设计和优化方面的代表性的研究进行介绍,并对相应的研究进展进行相应的分析,最后对该领域的研究进行总结和展望。

1 刀具设计方法

[size=1em]刀具设计主要考虑到加工质量、刀具寿命、加工成本以及环境保护等方面。被加工件表面质量除了受切削参数影响外,还会受刀具参数影响,特别是几何参数,有研究给出了相应答案[4-8],同样,刀具的基体材料[9-12]、涂层[13-17]、刀具振动[18-22]以及排屑性能[23-25]均会对工件表面产生重要影响。目前数控刀具的设计和优化绝大部分是根据实际需求对刀具多方面同时优化,且主要还是基于刀具几何参数、材料、涂层这些方面进行展开[26][27]954-959[28]933-941[29]12-25,同时与切削参数和切削条件优化配合,最终满足相应工艺要求。

2 刀具设计优化的不同方面2.1 加工质量

[size=1em]机械加工表面质量包含表面形貌、表面粗糙度、微观组织、显微硬度、位错密度以及表面残余应力等方面[30],目前针对加工质量对刀具所做的优化主要是针对表面粗糙度[31-33]。

[size=1em]文献[27]954-959对硬质合金铣刀进行了设计、优化和评价,从四个方面对刀具设计过程进行表述,即刀具材料、涂层、几何参数以及切削条件。在刀具材料方面,给出了几种常用刀具材料:碳钢、合金钢、高速钢(HSS)、硬质合金等,其指出由于硬质合金钢诸多方面的优越性能,目前为最常用的刀具材料;在几何参数方面,指出与三刃铣刀相比,两刃铣刀具备更好的排屑空间;其提到三种刀具涂层,氮化钛(TiN)、碳氮化钛(TiCN)和氮化铝钛(AlTiN),不同涂层有自身相应运用,不过碳氮化钛涂层适用于高速、高进给和高温下的切削过程。其通过实验和仿真进行分析,结果表明相应刀具能有效加工MS200 工具钢,获得较高的表面光洁度。

[size=1em]文献[28]933-941基于Taguchi 法,采用试验、信噪比和方差分析,确定表面粗糙度主要影响因素。基于高速钢刀具铣削6061 铝合金,设计刀具轴向前角29°,刀尖圆半径0.15 mm,导程角45°,最终得出在主轴转速884 r/min,进给量243 mm/min,轴向前角0°下,表面粗糙度达到最优。

[size=1em]文献[29]12-25主要从表面加工质量和刀具寿命两方面分析了某特殊硬质合金刀具设计对AISI D3 钢端铣加工的影响。实验所用WC 刀片(AlCrN 涂层)和刀柄如图1 所示。

[size=0.8em]图1 AISI D3 硬质钢端铣实验刀具
Fig.1 AISI D3 hard steel end milling tool used in the experiment

[size=1em]结果表明,在可接受的刀具寿命下,可获得表面粗糙度Ra 在0.1~0.3 μm 之间。针对参数的优化,建立了铣削工艺参数(切削速度vc 和进给量fz)、表面粗糙度和刀具磨损形态之间的关系分布,得到了Ra 分布直方图。结果表明,刀具几何参数,如倒角,切削角以及刀尖圆弧半径等参数对精加工质量有至关重要的影响。

[size=1em]文献[34]提出了将剪切/锯齿切削(主刃切削)和断裂/剪切复合切削(主刃和微切削刃依次切削)两种切削方式组合的新型刀具设计,如图2 所示。在不同切削用量下,材料去除机理依次发生变化,使得加工面损坏量最小并保证相应的加工质量。

[size=0.8em]图2 复合切削方式的刀具设计
Fig.2 Compound cutting mode tool design

2.2 刀具磨损

[size=1em]刀具一定程度磨损后若不及时更换,会产生振动[35]、切削温度急剧升高[36],使得表面粗糙度[37-38]和表面残余应力发生恶化[39-40]。高效优化刀具寿命不仅降低加工成本,同时也保证加工质量。目前有研究通过优化切削参数提高刀具寿命[41-42],其属于被动优化,以牺牲加工效率来提高刀具寿命,如果以材料去除量来评价刀具耐磨性,其并不具备明显优势。

[size=1em]文献[43]根据508III 钢的材料性能和铣削条件,设计了分层面铣刀的阶梯结构,铣削加工件断面图和实验设备如图3 所示。

[size=0.8em]图3 阶梯结构分层面铣刀加工件断面和实验设备
Fig.3 Section of part machined with stepped structure layered face milling cutter and the experimental equipment

[size=1em]通过单因素实验,分析切削力随轴向和径向前角的变化规律;根据刀具后刀面磨损状态选择最佳前角。其基于模糊数学理论建立分层面铣刀性能的多级模糊综合评价体系,对四种结构刀具进行了性能评价。结果表明,采用多齿二级结构的T1 型平面铣刀性能最优,其径向前角γf、轴向前角γp 以及切削刃角κr 分别为3°、5°、75°。

[size=1em]文献[44]提出计算刀体刀片分布的数学方法,目的为使刀片的刃口磨损率相等。其选择商用标准刀片,将其放置于成形铣刀轴向截面中,如图4 所示;根据刀具切削用量和磨损率,估算各位置的刀具寿命。为均匀刀片磨损和优化刀具寿命,可在同一位置使用多个刀片。确定刀片位置和每个位置刀片数量后将刀片螺旋分布于刀体外围。该成形铣刀成本远低于特殊定购刀片的铣刀,其刀片均从标准刀片中选取,刀刃变钝可及时更换。

[size=0.8em]图4 在成形铣刀轴向部分的刀片布置
Fig.4 Blade arrangement in axial part of forming milling cutter

[size=1em]文献[45] 通过PCBN 和硬质合金刀具端铣AISI13、AISID6 和 DIN1273 材料(切削速度在60~100 m/min)。结果表明,刀具后刀面磨损很大程度取决于切削速度。PCBN 刀具所加工表面粗糙度Ra可达0.2~0.35 μm,硬质合金刀具加工表面质量也算好,但刀具寿命较短,PCBN 刀具端铣加工AISI13 和DIN1273 过程刀具寿命可接受。相应的刀具磨损如图5 所示;当工件材料含硬质合金颗粒时,刀具后刀面会出现严重磨损,端铣过程冷却液的使用会增大表面下裂纹出现的可能。

[size=0.8em]图5 PCBN 和硬质合金刀具端铣加工DIN12713 的磨损状态(v=60 m/min)
Fig.5 Wear state of PCBN and cemented carbide end milling tools in machining DIN12713(v=60 m/min)

[size=1em]文献[46]指出在CFRP 螺旋铣削制孔过程中,刀具磨损是加工表面损伤的主要因素。为优化刀具寿命,其结合碳纤维布双向螺旋铣削成孔技术,对阶梯式双向铣刀的设计、制造和切削性能进行分析。利用微分几何法,建立阶梯式双向铣刀齿形几何模型和螺旋刃数学模型。对所设计的阶梯式双向铣刀的磨削过程和精度进行测试。结果表明,阶梯式双向铣刀(图6a)轴向切削力比对称式双向铣刀(图6b)轴向切削力小,且反向铣削波动更为平缓。特别在后向切削刃上,前刀面磨损分布均匀,磨损较慢,加工质量优于后者。

[size=0.8em]图6 阶梯式双向铣刀和对称双向铣刀对比图
Fig.6 Comparison between stepped bidirectional milling cutter and symmetrical bidirectional milling cutter

[size=1em]文献[47]指出,球头铣刀(图7a)在钛合金加工过程中存在效率低、磨损严重、加工表面质量难以保证等问题,对钛合金加工用旋转摆线铣刀(图7b)进行了相应的优化。建立旋转摆线铣刀廓面数学模型,提出旋转摆线铣刀正交螺旋线刃口曲线参数方程;基于刃口曲线方程和坐标变换,推导了旋转摆线铣刀前刀面的五轴磨削轨迹方程;制作了旋转摆线铣刀,并对刀具轮廓和几何角度的磨削精度进行检测;对旋转摆线铣刀和球头铣刀切削TC11 合金过程进行对比实验。结果表明,与球头铣刀相比,旋转摆线铣刀的轴向力与切向力之比较小。其侧面磨损缓慢,可保证良好的表面加工质量。

[size=0.8em]图7 球头铣刀与旋转摆线铣刀示意图
Fig.7 Schematic diagram of ball end milling cutter and rotary cycloid milling cutter

2.3 切削振动

[size=1em]切削振动与多因素有关,如机床结构[48-49],切削力(切削参数)[50-51]以及刀具磨损[52-53],切削振动造成加工表面质量恶化和刀具加剧磨损,形成恶性循环。目前通过优化切削参数降低切削振动的研究有不少,其依然属于被动优化,其在一定程度上可达到降低振动的效果,但大部分时候会对加工效率产生影响。

[size=1em]文献[54]对两自由度被动阻尼器进行建模并优化,并运用于长悬伸减振铣刀的优化设计中。对两自由度被动阻尼器的动力学进行建模;对两自由度阻尼器减振铣刀提出设计方案;对两种结构的铣刀进行实验测试,如图8 所示,以证实所设计减振铣刀的优越性。

[size=0.8em]图8 无阻尼器铣刀和减振铣刀切削效果对比
Fig.8 Comparison of cutting effect under non damper milling cutter and vibration damping milling cutter

[size=1em]文献[55]在分析传统立铣刀加工过程振动机理的基础上,提出不等螺旋角立铣刀结构,如图9 所示。通过理论分析,推导出不等螺旋角立铣刀在圆周方向等分隔处的刃长表达式。通过软件模拟验证表达式的可靠性。分析立铣刀各刃等分隔影响因素,提出不等螺旋角立铣刀结构。结果表明,与传统立铣刀相比,不等螺旋角立铣刀有较好的抗震效果。

[size=0.8em]图9 不等齿距抗振铣刀结构设计
Fig.9 Structural design of anti-vibration milling cutter with unequal tooth pitch

[size=1em]文献[56]指出通过在刀盘上布置不均匀分布刀片可避开系统固有频率,避免产生共振,从而降低加工过程振动幅度,其通过实验验证了自己的观点;文献[57]提出并制造了一种面铣刀,以改善加工过程动态特性,刀具结构包括双阶梯刀片,刀盘上固定两组刀片,外圆刀片A 和内圆刀片B,内圆刀片B 介于相邻两个外圆刀片之间,如图10a 所示,内圆刀片呈现不均匀分布,角度呈现2°~4°的差别,实验过程所用刀具如图10b 所示。

[size=0.8em]图10 刀盘和刀片示意图和实物图
Fig.10 Schematic diagram and picture of cutter disk and blade

[size=1em]最终发现该刀具加工过程中,振动幅值在时域内减小20%~40%,频域振动谱峰值比传统商用刀具低15%~25%,实验与仿真结果吻合度较高,进一步验证了其优化观点。

[size=1em]文献[58]指出铣刀采用变节角可提高加工效率,抑制颤振,应用变螺距刀具可提高加工稳定性。其提出设计变螺距铣刀的解析法。相应的等螺距和变螺距刀具如图11 所示。结果表明,在期望主轴转速下,与等螺距刀具相比,变螺距刀具能使得临界稳定轴向切深提高126%;切削力降低53%,证实了其颤振抑制设计的实用性。

[size=0.8em]图11 等螺距刀具和变螺距刀具对比图
Fig.11 Comparison between constant pitch tools and variable pitch tools

[size=1em]文献[59]基于深腔和深孔特征结构件的加工需求,指出随着刀具悬伸量的增加易发生颤振,其基于单自由度被动减振器,设计了一种阻尼铣刀,采用等峰值准则对嵌入式阻尼器进行刚度和阻尼设计,实验过程所用刀具如图12 所示。模态分析表明,长径比约为8的阻尼刀具在所有方向都能达到75%的振幅减小量。

[size=0.8em]图12 实验过程中所用铣刀
Fig.12 Milling cutter used in the experiment

[size=1em]文献[60]针对大长径比铣刀在工作过程发生强烈颤振现象,提出被动式阻尼动力减振铣刀,如图13所示。分别从颤振稳定性、切削力和表面质量等方面将其与普通铣刀对比,结果表明,减振铣刀模态参数得到显著优化,颤振幅值减小约35.3%,加工表面质量显著提高。

[size=0.8em]图13 减振铣刀三维装配模型
Fig.13 Three dimensional model of vibration damping milling cutter

2.4 排屑顺畅性

[size=1em]切削过程中所产生的切屑,如果不能顺畅地流出,缠绕在刀具上,与刀具前刀面产生剧烈摩擦,加剧前刀面磨损,产生更多切削热,使得切削温度升高,最终影响刀具切削性能[61]332-339。

[size=1em]文献[61]332-339 指出,安装双面八角形“ON”可转位铣刀片的45°平面铣刀目前应用较为广泛,通过分析该刀具使用情况并结合该刀具结构特点,基于市面常见的ON 刀片,如图14a 所示,提出一款新切削刃结构“ON 刀片”,如图14b 所示,安装ON 刀片后的可转位铣削刀具如图14c 所示。

[size=0.8em]图14 双面八边形可转位铣削刀片和安装ON 刀片可转位铣削刀具
Fig.14 Double sided octagonal indexable milling blade and indexable milling tool with ON blade

[size=1em]文献[62]基于激光在PCD 刀具前刀面加工出断屑槽,相应的断屑槽设计主要有5 个参数,即棱带宽度、倾角、反屑角、槽宽和反屑面转角;其工作可归纳为三个方面:确立PCD 刀具断屑槽棱带宽度和反屑角的关系;对槽宽值的表达式进行了改进;对于倾角和反屑面转角范围进行了确定。最终通过实验和仿真验证了相应设计的有效性。

[size=1em]文献[63]对不同刀具倾角和切削参数组合下的结果进行分析,实验装置如图15a 所示。结果表明,铣刀片倾角对于加工面粗糙度和切屑断面形状有重要影响,切削断面形状受刀片倾角影响程度达95%,不同刀具倾角下的切屑形态如图15b 所示,其给出合理的倾角范围为30°~45°,指出在该区间内可得到较好的表面加工质量和切屑断面形态。

[size=0.8em]图15 不同刀具倾角的实验装置和不同切屑形态
Fig.15 Experimental device for different tool inclination and different chip morphologies

[size=1em]文献[64]对自行式和可转位刀具加工TC11 合金过程进行分析,相应的刀具结构如图16a 所示。结果表明,相对于可转位刀具,自行式旋转刀具的切削力更小,且具有更好的耐磨性;两种刀具均产生锯齿状切屑,但自行式旋转刀具下的切屑卷曲度大于可转位铣刀,随着铣削时间的增加,自行式旋转刀具下的切屑形态更加规则,锯齿分布更加均匀,如图16b 所示;不仅如此,随着时间推移,可转位铣刀加工表面质量急剧恶化,而自行式旋转铣刀加工表面仍呈现较规则平整形貌。

[size=0.8em]图16 自行式旋转刀具和不同刀具下的切屑
Fig.16 Self propelled rotary tool and chips obtained under different cutting tools

[size=1em]文献[65]以生产实际需求为目标,设计了三种齿形的倒角铣刀,分别为双层齿倒角铣刀、直齿倒角铣刀和斜齿倒角铣刀,同时进行了相应的铣削实验分析,根据实验结果发现,双层齿结构倒角铣刀的结构相对较为合理,刀尖部位有更大的容屑空间,在很大程度上改善了切屑堵塞现象,有良好的分屑排屑性能,在铣削加工过程中受到的铣削力要明显小于斜齿和直齿倒角铣刀,在三种齿形倒角铣刀中性能表现最优,最终提高了加工质量及生产效率。

[size=1em]文献[66]基于能耗和断屑问题提出在刀刃上设计相应的凹槽,如图17a 所示,结果表明,其加工过程能耗大幅降低,同时在断屑方面具备相应优势,如图17b~图17c 所示。

[size=0.8em]图17 新型铣刀结构和切屑对比
Fig.17 New milling cutter structure and comparison of chips

2.5 生产效率

[size=1em]单纯靠增大切削用量提高加工效率会加剧刀具磨损,目前有研究通过提高刀具耐磨性来提高切削用量。文献[67]针对碳钢和高速钢刀具,优化刀具涂层,基于相应涂层增大刀具耐磨性。文献[68]表明,刀具前角14°、主间隙角10°的几何特征最适合低温加工条件,同时其分析了切削速度对刀具寿命的影响,结果表明,切速110 m/min 时可得最长刀具寿命91 min。其指出,在Ti6Al4V 合金精加工过程中,采用液氮低温冷却与所提出的刀具相结合可使材料去除效率提高83%。文献[69]针对钛合金侧铣加工,对铣刀几何参数进行了优化,优化结果为:前角10°,后角12°,螺旋角38°,相应的设计角示意图如图18 所示。通过实验和仿真表明,优化后的刀具配合优化后的切削参数,在保证加工效率基础上进一步提高加工质量。

[size=0.8em]图18 铣刀圆横截面各几何参数示意图
Fig.18 Schematic diagram of geometric parameters of circular cross section of milling cutter

[size=1em]文献[70]将锯齿立铣刀的形状转换为圆形可转位铣刀,如图19 所示。切削力、边界条件和刀具几何参数间的高度非线性说明了该设计方案的必要性;传统的矩形可转位刀片可得到较平整的加工面,而圆形可转位刀片加工表面质量不具备优势,不过其可降低径向切削力和切削力矩。作为工艺限制性因素之一的最大径向力,圆形可转位铣刀可将其降低14%,进而在一定程度上提高切削用量和加工效率。

[size=0.8em]图19 矩形可转位铣刀和圆形可转位铣刀
Fig.19 Rectangular indexable milling cutter and circular indexable milling cutter

3 结论与展望

[size=1em]作为传统加工领域中的刀具技术,经过这几十年的发展,从刀具的材料、几何参数以及涂层等方面,都取得了不错的发展。不过目前刀具技术依然存在以下问题:

[size=1em]1)目前高端刀具制造成本依然较高,且一直是该领域的一个制约因素,虽然刀具技术在进步,但刀具的价格依然居高不下,从而使得加工成本的降低出现瓶颈。

[size=1em]2)对于难加工材料,如钛合金,镍基合金等,会造成刀具的快速磨损,目前的刀具技术均难以较好地克服该问题,许多时候需要很苛刻的切削条件,如相应的冷却液等,而由于冷却液使用会造成环境的污染,目前大环境下提倡干切削,因此对刀具提出了更严格的要求。

[size=1em]3)刀具设计应与智能系统结合,不能仅依靠刀具本身实现加工过程优化,加工过程刀具磨损无法避免,如何在线准确检测刀具状态并及时调整工艺参数、加工条件或更换刀具,最大限度地延长刀具使用时间并保证加工质量,还有待多个学科的共同进步、融合发展。



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RESEARCH ON DESIGNING AND OPTIMIZATION OF MILLING TOOL:A REVIEW

WANG DongMing1 MENG LongHui2 ZHANG Hao2 WANG Hua2
(1.School of Intelligent Transportation,Jiangsu Vocationnal College of Electronics and Information,Huai′an 223003,China)
(2.School of Mechanical and Power Engineering,Nanjing Tech University,Nanjing 211816,China)

Abstract The research progress of designing and optimization of milling tool is summarized.The design process of cutting tools has greatly improved and optimized according to the existing problems in the field of cutting and manufacturing.The research progresses of the improvement and optimization of the milling tool in five aspects,such as: Machining quality,tool wear,machining vibration,chip removal performance and machining efficiency are mainly described and summarized.Finally,it analyzes the existing technical problems,and puts forward the corresponding prospects for the later research of NC milling tool technology.

Key words Milling tool;Design;Optimization;Machining

汪东明** 1 孟龙晖***2 张 浩2 王 华2

(1.江苏电子信息职业学院 智能交通学院,淮安 223003)

(2.南京工业大学 机械与动力工程学院,南京 211816)

中图分类号 TG71

DOI:10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2023.02.022

*20210728 收到初稿,20210902 收到修改稿。江苏省青年基金项目(BK20190676),江苏省高校自然科学基金项目(19KJB460019) 资助。

**汪东明,男,1972 年生,江苏响水人,汉族,江苏电子信息职业学院副教授,工学硕士,主要研究方向为机械制造及其自动化、汽车电子控制技术。

***孟龙晖(通信作者),男,1985 年生,江苏高邮人,汉族,南京工业大学机械与动力工程学院讲师,博士,主要研究方向为精密制造,智能制造,加工变形控制。

Corresponding author: MENG LongHui,E-mail: menglonghui@ njtech.edu.cn,Tel: +86-25-58139352,Fax:+86-25-58139352

The project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No.BK20190676),and the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (No.19KJB460019).

Manuscript received 20210728,in revised form 20210902.
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